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The trigeminal sensory relay to reticulospinal neurones in lampreys.

Viana Di Prisco G, Boutin T, Petropoulos D, Brocard F, Dubuc R.

Centre de recherche en sciences neurologiques, Universite de Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3C 3J7.

This study was carried out to identify lamprey neurones relaying trigeminal sensory inputs to reticulospinal cells. Double labeling with fluorescent tracers was used in vitro. Fluorescein-conjugated dextran amines were applied to the proximal stump of the cut trigeminal nerve on both sides, and Texas Red-conjugated dextran amines were injected unilaterally in the middle (MRRN) or the posterior (PRRN) rhombencephalic reticular nuclei. Texas Red retrogradely labeled cells were found ipsi- and contralateral to each injection. Any of these cells with the soma or at least a major dendrite among the fluorescein-labeled trigeminal afferent axons was considered a candidate relay cell. Of these two possibilities, only cells with their soma among the fluorescein-labeled trigeminal afferents were found. The candidate relay cells projecting to the MRRN were mostly clustered at the caudal vestibular nerve level within the trigeminal descending tract, whereas the majority of those projecting to the PRRN were located more caudally. The diameter of candidate relay cells ranged from 9.2 to 24.6 mum and 9.2 to 46.1 mum, after MRRN and PRRN injections, respectively. A possible relay function for these cells was tested with electrophysiological experiments. The intracellular responses to trigeminal nerve stimulation were recorded in reticulospinal cells under control conditions and after ejections of a combination of glutamate ionotropic receptor antagonists over the candidate relay cells in small areas along the sulcus limitans. The synaptic responses elicited in MRRN reticulospinal cells were maximally depressed when ejections were made at the level of the vestibular nerve, in accord with the anatomical data. The synaptic responses in PRRN reticulospinal cells showed maximal depression when ejections were made slightly more caudally. Altogether, these results suggest that cells located within the trigeminal descending tract and projecting to reticular nuclei are likely to be the sensory trigeminal relays to reticulospinal neurones in lampreys.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15708494&query_hl=1
Overlap and co-expression of estrogen synthetic and responsive neurons in the songbird brain--a double-label immunocytochemical study.

Saldanha CJ, Coomaralingam L.

Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA. colin@lehigh.edu

The songbird telencephalon exhibits the capacity to both synthesize and respond to estrogen. Several telencephalic loci in addition to those in the diencephalon express aromatase (estrogen synthase) and estrogen receptors (ER). Little is known about the interactions between cells that contain aromatase and those that contain ER, particularly at the level of protein expression. Consequently, we do not know if locally synthesized estrogens affect ER via autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms. Here we have mapped the distributions, identified areas of overlap, and measured the degree of co-expression of aromatase and ERalpha in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). First, alternate sections were stained with antibodies against either aromatase or ERalpha, revealing the distributions and therefore, the overlap between these proteins. Subsequently, using double-label light microscopy we have measured the number of aromatase soma, ERalpha soma, and co-expressing soma in areas of overlap in adult males and females. In the preoptic area about 10% of aromatase-positive soma co-express ERalpha. In the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventromedial nucleus, nucleus taeniae, and the caudomedial nidopallium, although cells containing either protein were easily detectable, the level of co-expression was minimal. The degree of co-expression and the number of aromatase-positive soma did not differ between sexes. However, the number of ERalpha cells was higher in the female preoptic area relative to that in the male. Conversely, ERalpha is more abundant in the male bed nucleus of the stria terminalis relative to the female. We conclude that while local aromatization in the preoptic area may modulate ERalpha-containing neurons via autocrine pathways, paracrine mechanisms may predominate in other areas of the songbird brain.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15707604&query_hl=1
Expression and spatial distribution of secretin and secretin receptor in human cerebellum.

Lee SM, Yung WH, Chen L, Chow BK.

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, PR China.

The expression and spatial distribution of secretin and its receptor in human cerebellum were investigated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques. Secretin mRNAs are found in Purkinje cells whereas secretin receptor transcripts are present in Purkinje cells and basket cells in the molecular cell layer. In addition, secretin-immunoreactivities are localized in both the soma and dendrites of Purkinje cells. These data are the first demonstration of the spatial distribution of secretin and its receptor in distinct neurons within the human cerebellum. The cellular localizations of this ligand-receptor pair are consistent with the proposed actions of secretin in the cerebellum of rodents and hence suggest that secretin also serves specific neural functions in the human cerebellum.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15706223&query_hl=1